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imgTitleFinal = "" [57] On many of the trains in this period, up to a third of the deportees died in transit. [195] On 29 May, the Supreme Court rejected the appeal and upheld the District Court's judgement on all counts. [22] After he attended a training programme at the SS depot in Klosterlechfeld in August, Eichmann returned to the Passau border in September, where he was assigned to lead an eight-man SS liaison team to guide Austrian National Socialists into Germany and smuggle propaganda material from there into Austria. [175] Observers such as Moshe Pearlman and Hannah Arendt have remarked on Eichmann's ordinariness in appearance and flat affect. var TitleTrimmed; Diese zentrale Dienststelle des Reichssicherheitshauptamtes (RSHA, mit dem Kürzel IV D 4) organisierte die Verfolgung, Vertreibung … Long live Argentina. Eichmann initially visited them weekly, but as time went on, his visits tapered off to once a month. Theodor Horst Grell-02, Eichmann Adolf When problems arose, the Senior Commander of the Security Police and the Security Service in Hungary, Standartenfuehrer Geschke, also intervened. [163] The trial was held at the Beit Ha'am (today known as the Gerard Behar Center), an auditorium in central Jerusalem. He ended up in a small village in Lower Saxony, where he lived until 1950, when he moved to Argentina using false papers he obtained with help from an organisation directed by Catholic bishop Alois Hudal. if(typeof isMobile !== 'undefined' && isMobile) { [144], US Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) documents declassified in 2006 show that the capture of Eichmann caused alarm at the CIA and West German Bundesnachrichtendienst (BND). res = str.replace("citvCompId", ".magnifyPiccitvCompId"); [148] The interrogator was Chief Inspector Avner Less of the national police. "They expected it, but it didn't make it easier. [73] In preparation for the conference, Eichmann drafted for Heydrich a list of the numbers of Jews in various European countries and prepared statistics on emigration. [8][9][d] The elder Adolf moved to Linz, Austria, in 1913 to take a position as commercial manager for the Linz Tramway and Electrical Company, and the rest of the family followed a year later. - Klaus Eichmann stated in 2002 that he regeretted the Nazis had not completed their extermination of the Jews. [47], Within weeks of the invasion of Poland on 1 September 1939, Nazi policy toward the Jews changed from voluntary emigration to forced deportation. [147] The Israelis were unwilling to take him to trial based solely on the evidence in documents and witness testimony, so he was subject to daily interrogations, the transcripts of which totalled over 3,500 pages. [13] He left without attaining a degree and joined his father's new enterprise, the Untersberg Mining Company, where he worked for several months. He sent for his family in 1952, and they moved to Buenos Aires. [186] The judges declared him not guilty of personally killing anyone and not guilty of overseeing and controlling the activities of the Einsatzgruppen. Following the war Eichmann lived in Germany under a false name before fleeing to Argentina, where he … [172] The prosecution proved that Eichmann had visited places where exterminations had taken place, including Chełmno extermination camp, Auschwitz, and Minsk (where he witnessed a mass shooting of Jews),[173] and therefore was aware that the deportees were being killed. [153] The legal basis of the charges against Eichmann was the 1950 Nazi and Nazi Collaborators (Punishment) Law,[154][h] under which he was indicted on 15 criminal charges, including crimes against humanity, war crimes, crimes against the Jewish people, and membership in a criminal organisation. He later came to consider this as his big break. [57][58] While Eichmann claimed at his trial to be upset by the appalling conditions on the trains and in the transit camps, his correspondence and documents of the period show that his primary concern was to achieve the deportations economically and with minimal disruption to Germany's ongoing military operations. yq('.magnifyPic'+value.id).css({background: "url(/images/articlepiclightbox/enlarge.png)"}) He announced plans to create a reservation in the General Government (the portion of Poland not incorporated into the Reich), where Jews and others deemed undesirable would await further deportation. yq('.magnifyPic'+value.id).mouseover(function(){ [190] On 15 December 1961, Eichmann was sentenced to death by hanging. [12] His poor school performance resulted in his father's withdrawing him from the Realschule and enrolling him in the Höhere Bundeslehranstalt für Elektrotechnik, Maschinenbau und Hochbau vocational college. Those trials were conducted by the Allied forces under international law and the laws of war. These are the three countries with which I have been most connected and which I will not forget. Apart from Ricardo, all the brothers agreed that Grandpa Eichmann was innocent. I greet my wife, my family and my friends. [69] However, with the entry of the United States into the war in December and the German failure in the Battle of Moscow, Hitler decided that the Jews of Europe were to be exterminated immediately rather than after the war, which now had no end in sight. yq('.artImageLightbox .ya_main_relative_img').mouseover(function(){ Such a man is Adolf Eichmann, the Nazi, a symbol of the hatred and unspeakable hideousness of Hitler’s Germany.' In the context of this main hearing, I request you to extend legal assistance to this Court by the examination on oath of the following witness: Dr. Theodor Horst Grell, Berchtesgaden/Upper Bavaria, Hasensprung 31-32. [113] Wiesenthal learned from a letter shown to him in 1953 that Eichmann had been seen in Buenos Aires, and he passed along that information to the Israeli consulate in Vienna in 1954. } [c] The trial was widely followed in the media and was later the subject of several books, including Hannah Arendt's Eichmann in Jerusalem, in which Arendt coined the phrase "the banality of evil" to describe Eichmann. Information collected by the Mossad, Israel's intelligence agency, confirmed his location in 1960. [203], Rafi Eitan, who accompanied Eichmann to the hanging, claimed in 2014 to have heard him later mumble "I hope that all of you will follow me", making those his final words. For the film, see, German Nazi official, a major organiser of the Holocaust, Camps, ghettos, execution sites and attacks, Perpetrators, participants, organizations, and collaborators, Resistance: Judenrat, victims, documentation and technical, Transition from emigration to deportation. [30] On 21 March 1935 Eichmann married Veronika (Vera) Liebl (1909–93). [94], In a series of meetings beginning on 25 April, Eichmann met with Joel Brand, a Hungarian Jew and member of the Relief and Rescue Committee (RRC). [100], On 24 December 1944, Eichmann fled Budapest just before the Soviets completed their encirclement of the capital. [15], A few months after the Nazi seizure of power in Germany in January 1933, Eichmann lost his job due to staffing cutbacks at Vacuum Oil. [208] The trial therefore greatly reduced the previously popular misconception that Jews had gone "like sheep to the slaughter". He was found guilty on all of the charges, and was executed by hanging on 1 June 1962. Next, between 1927 and early 1933, Eichmann worked in Upper Austria and Salzburg as district agent for the Vacuum Oil Company AG. [103] Meanwhile, former commandant of Auschwitz Rudolf Höss and others gave damning evidence about Eichmann at the Nuremberg trials of major war criminals starting in 1946. TitleTrimmed += "..."; TitleTrimmed = imgTitle.substring(0, 90); [18], On the advice of family friend and local SS leader Ernst Kaltenbrunner, Eichmann joined the Austrian branch of the Nazi Party on 1 April 1932, member number 889,895. [129] The plan was almost abandoned on the designated day when Eichmann was not on the bus that he usually took home,[130] but he got off another bus about half an hour later. var imgTitleLength = imgTitle.length; - Horst Eichmann remained in Argentina after his father's abduction, and he still lives there today. Somit ist für jede Anspruchsklasse und jedes Budget etwas geeignetes dabei. [165][166], The prosecution case was presented over the course of 56 days, involving hundreds of documents and 112 witnesses (many of them Holocaust survivors). By … They all knew it would happen," she told the British newspaper. [209], The use of "Eichmann" as an archetype stems from Hannah Arendt's notion of the "banality of evil". The witness is to be examined as to the following [82] His department was in constant contact with the Foreign Office, as Jews of conquered nations such as France could not as easily be stripped of their possessions and deported to their deaths. [119] The government of Israel paid a reward to Hermann in 1971, twelve years after he had provided the information. [167] In the case of the Sassen interviews, only Eichmann's hand-written notes were admitted into evidence. } I die believing in God. Eichmann, who was responsible for the deportation of European Jews to ghettos and extermination camps, escaped and settled in Argentina under the alias Ricardo Klement. var res; In the last week of October 1939, 4,700 Jews were sent to the area by train and were essentially left to fend for themselves in an open meadow with no water and little food. event.preventDefault(); [186][189] When considering the sentence, the judges concluded that Eichmann had not merely been following orders, but believed in the Nazi cause wholeheartedly and had been a key perpetrator of the genocide. [59], Jews were concentrated into ghettos in major cities with the expectation that at some point they would be transported farther east or even overseas. } [53] Meanwhile, as part of Hitler's long-range resettlement plans, hundreds of thousands of ethnic Germans were being transported into the annexed territories, and ethnic Poles and Jews were being moved further east, particularly into the General Government. [111] The memoirs were later used as the basis for a series of articles that appeared in Life and Stern magazines in late 1960. He lived with his wife in a modest house in Buenos Aires, where he worked in a Mercedes factory. These events were factors in Eichmann's decision to return to Germany. "That is why they were killed, he told them. Not Adolph Eichmann, however. [170] In addition to wartime documents, material presented as evidence included tapes and transcripts from Eichmann's interrogation and Sassen's interviews in Argentina. On the advice of family friend and local SS leader Ernst Kaltenbrunner, Eichmann joined the Austrian branch of the Nazi Party on 1 April 1932, member number 889,895. yq(this).siblings('.ya_enlarge_button').fadeOut(200).css('display', 'none'); [122] Argentina had a history of turning down extradition requests for Nazi criminals, so rather than filing a probably futile request for extradition, Israeli Prime Minister David Ben-Gurion made the decision that Eichmann should be captured and brought to Israel for trial. Yes. Ricardo, the youngest son, was born in Argentina. Adolf Eichmann, German high official who was hanged by the State of Israel for his part in the Holocaust, the Nazi extermination of Jews during World War II. [35], Nazi Germany used violence and economic pressure to encourage Jews to leave Germany of their own volition;[36] around 250,000 of the country's 437,000 Jews emigrated between 1933 and 1939. [95] Eichmann later testified that Berlin had authorised him to allow emigration of a million Jews in exchange for 10,000 trucks equipped to handle the wintry conditions on the Eastern Front. According to media reports at the time, he organized a press conference in Buenos Aires hours after his father was sentenced to death, in protest of the "injustice" of the sentence. [90][93] In spite of the orders to stop, Eichmann personally made arrangements for additional trains of victims to be sent to Auschwitz on 17 and 19 July. We'll meet again soon, as is the fate of all men. [85][87] Eichmann toured northeastern Hungary in the last week of April and visited Auschwitz in May to assess the preparations. We know that one doesn't need to be fanatical, sadistic, or mentally ill to murder millions; that it is enough to be a loyal follower eager to do one's duty. Long live Austria. yq("a.artImageLightbox").click(function(event){ There they met Feival Polkes, an agent of the Haganah, with whom they were unable to strike a deal. [97], Eichmann, resentful that Kurt Becher and others were becoming involved in Jewish emigration matters, and angered by Himmler's suspension of deportations to the death camps, requested reassignment in July. [62] On 15 August 1940, Eichmann released a memorandum titled Reichssicherheitshauptamt: Madagaskar Projekt (Reich Main Security Office: Madagascar Project), calling for the resettlement to Madagascar of a million Jews per year for four years. They planned to seize him when he was walking beside an open field from the bus stop to his house. Two months before Eichmann … [161] Capital Cities Broadcasting Corporation of the United States obtained exclusive rights to videotape the proceedings for television broadcast.

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