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After the liberalisation of religions in China in the 1980s, there has been a growing movement of adoption of the Gelug sect, and other Tibetan-originated Buddhist schools, by the Han Chinese. [242] After the fall of the empire in 1911, governments and elites opposed or attempted to eradicate folk religion in order to promote "modern" values while overcoming "feudal superstition". China’s hukou (household registration) system prevents roughly 290 million internal migrants from enjoying full legal status as residents in cities where they work. [241] Ling (numen or sacred) coincides with the middle way between the two states, that is the inchoate order of creation. [265][266] In Taiwan, virtually all folk salvationist movements operate freely since the late 1980s. [365] Demographic analyses usually find an average 2–3% of the population of China declaring a Christian affiliation. Shen, as defined by the scholar Stephen Teiser, is a term that needs to be translated into English in at least three different ways, according to the context: "spirit", "spirits", and "spiritual". Though the soteriological movement included improper and possibly reprehensive collective behavior, it was not crushed by the government. März 2021, gestern und dieser Woche. Actualmente es la religión predominante en China y, a pesar de ello, su número de creyentes es difícil de calcular ya que las fuentes varían entre 880 millones y 390 millones; además, en las … A glaring example is the god Hanuman, who gave rise to the Chinese god Hóuwáng (猴王 "Monkey King"), known as Sun Wukong in the Journey to the West. Meanwhile, remnants of the later arrivals maintain communities in Shanghai and Hong Kong. Statistiken mit konkreten Zahlen sind wegen des fließenden Charakters der Religion in China schwer zu erheben. Islam is the majority religion in areas inhabited by the Hui Muslims, particularly the province of Ningxia, and in the province of Xinjiang that is inhabited by the Uyghurs. [177], While Confucian theology emphasises the need to realise the starry order of the Heaven in human society, Taoist theology emphasises the Tao 道 ("Way"), which in one word denotes both the source and its spontaneous arising in nature. No state organ, public organization or individual may compel citizens to believe in, or not to believe in, any religion; nor may they discriminate against citizens who believe in, or do not believe in, any religion. [86]:3[87], After the Xinhai Revolution, with increasing urbanisation and Western influence, the issue for the new intellectual class was no longer the worship of heterodox gods as it was the case in imperial times, but the delegitimisation of religion itself, and especially folk religion, as an obstacle to modernisation. [306] However, Buddhism and Confucianism eventually reconciled after centuries of conflict and assimilation.[308]. Es ist das Land mit der größten Einwohnerzahl. It is both a teaching and a set of ritual practices. Popular cults were regulated by imperial policies, promoting certain deities while suppressing others. Confucius conceived these qualities as the foundation needed to restore socio-political harmony. In addition to the Sogdian Zoroastrians, after the fall of the Sasanid dynasty (651), through the 7th and 8th centuries Iranian Zoroastrians, including aristocrats and magi,[391]:151 migrated to northern China. [222], The cults of gods and ancestors that in recent (originally Western) literature have been classified as "Chinese popular religion", traditionally neither have a common name nor are considered zōngjiào ("doctrines"). [351] Zhuang shamanism entails the practices of mediums who provide direct communication between the material and the spiritual worlds; these shamans are known as momoed if female and gemoed if male. The government formally recognizes five religions: Buddhism, Taoism, Catholicism, Protestantism, and Islam. For instance, Azhaliism (Chinese: 阿吒力教 Āzhālìjiào) is a Vajrayana Buddhist religion practised among the Bai people.[315]. With the unconditional surrender of Japan at the end of the war, the missions were shut down. [125] Other figures from the micro-level testify the wide proliferation of folk religions: in 1989 there were 21,000 male and female shamans (shen han and wu po respectively, as they are named locally), 60% of them young, in the Pingguo County of Guangxi alone;[248] and by the mid-1990s the government of the Yulin Prefecture of Shaanxi counted over 10,000 folk temples on its territory alone,[249] for a population of 3.1 million, an average of one temple per 315 persons. Taoism has had profound influence on Chinese culture over the course of the centuries, and Taoists (Chinese: 道士; pinyin: dàoshi, "masters of the Tao") usually take care to mark the distinction between their ritual tradition and those of vernacular orders which are not recognised as Taoist. They were not transcendent entities, since the universe was "by itself so", not created by a force outside of it but generated by internal rhythms and cosmic powers. [347] It is a polytheistic-monistic and shamanic religion centered on the creator god usually expressed as Buluotuo, the mythical primordial ancestor of the Zhuang. Confucianism originated during the Spring and Autumn period and developed metaphysical and cosmological elements in the Han dynasty (206 BCE–220 CE),[275] to match the developments in Buddhism and Taoism which were dominant among the populace. Some breathing techniques practised in Shaktism are known as Cīnācāra ("Chinese Practice"), and the Shakta tantras that discuss them trace their origin to Taoism. So hatte die protestantische Kirche trotz großer Bemühungen der Missionare seit dem 19. For religion in the Republic of China, see, ❶ One version of the Shang grapheme for the nominal, Graphic representations of various analyses, Latter Han: popular millenarian and early Taoist churches, The period of division of the Six Dynasties, The suppressions of Buddhism and foreign religions, Definition of what in China is spiritual and religious, Concepts of religion, tradition and doctrine, Anti-metaphysical and anti-theistic thoughts. Confucius (551–479 BCE) appeared in this period of political decadence and spiritual questioning. [353] The Orthodox Church, which has believers among the Russian minority and some Chinese in the far northeast and far northwest, is officially recognised in Heilongjiang. Anders als in Deutschland praktizieren Katholiken sowie Protestanten in China den Glauben in strikter Trennung. Correctly performed rituals move society in alignment with earthly and heavenly (astral) forces, establishing the harmony of the three realms—Heaven, Earth and humanity. [319] Soka Gakkai members in China are organised in the form of the house church, as they "meet quietly in small groups in the homes of other members", with little interference from the government. Later philosophers such as Xun Zi, Fan Zhen, Han Fei, Zhang Zai, and Wang Fuzhi also criticised religious practices prevalent during their times. [180] Rites, symbols, objects and ideas construct and transmit group and individual identities. Scholar Kenneth Dean estimates 680 million people involved in folk temples and rituals. [391]:153, The third phase started in the 18th century when Parsi merchants sailed from Mumbai to Macau, Hong Kong and Guangzhou. Heute gilt sie nach dem Buddhismus als organisierte religiöse Richtung mit der zweithöchsten Anhängerzahl. These may be deities of the natural environment or ancestral principles of human groups, concepts of civility, culture heroes, many of whom feature in Chinese mythology and history. Discover China through our unique tours with award-winning guides and with 1:1 help from a dedicated China expert, every step of the way. Es gibt keine offiziellen Statistiken über Religionszugehörigkeit. He entrusted a human, Siv Yis, with healing powers so that he became the first shaman. [328] Since then, large temples and ceremonial complexes for Bimoist practices have been built. }}, Han Chinese culture embodies a concept of religion that differs from the one that is common in the Abrahamic traditions, which are based on the belief in an omnipotent God who exists outside the world and human race and has complete power over them. [20], The Zhou dynasty, which overthrew the Shang, was more rooted in an agricultural worldview, and they emphasised a more universal idea of Tian (天 "Heaven"). China hosted religious meetings and conferences including the first World Buddhist Forum in 2006 and the subsequent World Buddhist Forums, a number of international Taoist meetings and local conferences on folk religions. This practice is defined as "centring" (央 yāng or 中 zhōng). "Bon" (Tibetan: བོན་; Chinese: 苯教 Běnjiào) is the post-Buddhist name of the pre-Buddhist folk religion of Tibet. [301] Rather, they represent an intermediate level between the wu and the Taoists. According to Law (2005), in his study about the relationship between the revival of folk religion and the reconstruction of patriarchal civilisation: Yang defined it as an "embedded capitalism", which preserves local identity and autonomy, and an "ethical capitalism" in which the drive for individual accumulation of money is tempered by religious and kinship ethics of generosity that foster the sharing and investment of wealth in the construction of civil society. [16], Ancient shamanism is especially connected to ancient Neolithic cultures such as the Hongshan culture. The Christian community was more likely than other religions to have members belonging to the ethnic minorities. Already in Shang theology, the multiplicity of gods of nature and ancestors were viewed as parts of Di, and the four 方 fāng ("directions" or "sides") and their 風 fēng ("winds") as his cosmic will. In the story, a virtuous monk descends into hell to rescue his mother, who had been condemned for her transgressions. The late Tang dynasty saw the spread of the cult of the City Gods in direct bond to the development of the cities as centres of commerce and the rise in influence of merchant classes. The Vatican spokesman Greg Burke described the agreement as "not political but pastoral, allowing the faithful to have bishops who are in communion with Rome but at the same time recognized by Chinese authorities". The Chinese folk religion is often considered one of "belonging" rather than "believing". Er umfasst weite Teile Zentral- und Ostasiens. [267], Guy Alitto points out that there was "literally no equivalent for the Western (and later worldwide) concept of 'Confucianism' in traditional Chinese discourse". [343]:14 It is pantheistic, involving the worship of a variety of gods of nature and of human affairs, including Qiang progenitors. The royal ancestors were called di (帝), "deities", and the utmost progenitor was Shangdi (上帝 "Highest Deity").

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