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It’s quite a percussive and catchy language, and on set many of us began tossing around Belter words and phrases in our daily speak. It was a pretty cool idea at the time and would have done a lot to support the UG hypothesis, but, unfortunately, evidence contradicted this premise, as studies were published that showed that children who created creoles (in this case, Hawaiian Creole English) did not have insufficient input, because they spoke English at school and their parents’ languages at home (McWhorter 2). Generally, nouns are not inflected for number; a singular noun has the same form as a plural one. And so, when adapting the books into a TV show, linguist Nick Farmer and accent-coach Eric Armstrong worked together to develop the Belter language based on existing cultures. For the TV adaptation, they recruited the linguist Nick Farmer to consult and develop the creole further (see the Ars Technica post linked above), and he put his linguistic skills to work imagining what curses and insults people would use in space and how body language would look. His partner, from Earth, remarks that it’s “Belters keeping the Earther out,” but Miller corrects him: it’s poor folks keeping the educated guy out. We link particular traits to accents, dialects, and slangs (among other things), and we choose, consciously or not, our own ways of writing or speaking depending on our audience. The narrators explicitly mention social aspects of belta multiple times. The Expanse Wiki is a FANDOM TV Community. They begin as a pidgin, which is an ad hoc language with minimal morphology and basic syntax, and children develop them into a full language, and the next generation speaks it as their native language. We’ve already discussed an example of a technique around the midpoint of the spectrum in Cherryh’s Hunter of Worlds, so now I’d like to explore something on the more elaborate end: Belter creole in The Expanse. Encountering the Alien in, Disruptions in Communication Disrupt Atevi Society in CJ Cherryh’s Foreigner Series, Five Books That Get Kinetic Weapons Very Wrong, Fairy Tale Sisters Who Don’t Hate Each Other, The Real Ghosts Were the Friends We Made Along the Way: Téa Obreht’s, Being a Superhero Is Super Hard in the Trailer for, Leia’s Bounty Hunter Disguise Brings My Favorite Fantasy Trope to a Galaxy Far, Far Away, Advertising for Burglars: Lord Dunsany’s “How Nuth Would Have Practised His Art Upon the Gnoles”, Calling Evil Good, and Good Evil: Spiritual Abuse in C.S. There are also various sociolinguistic factors in evidence in belta. The you-form of verbs would be pretty frequently used in this kind of situation, and it’s plausible that this would be the most salient, noticeable form for learners, which they then would pick up and use as the only verb form. Farmer says he … This is the linking verb ‘to be.’ If the lexifier uses a copula, the creole often lacks it, or only uses it in certain instances. Nick Farmer knows dozens of languages, so he invented one for The Expanse. There is no break in transmission of the source languages. According to this hypothesis, “creoles instantiate Universal Grammar with parameters unset, the ‘default’ of language, produced by children under the unusual circumstance of acquiring language with insufficient input” (McWhorter 1). Language forms a solid plinth for Belter identity, both uniting and alienating them at the same time. Farmer says he has over 1,000 Belter words in his personal dictionary, and he keeps adding more as the show's producers and fans request them. I also noted some examples from the first two seasons of the TV adaptation. TomoNews US. Asked 2 years, 11 months ago. Belters like Naomi can make use of their bilingualism and code switch to show solidarity, which Naomi is also shown to do in the TV adaptation (season 2, episode 6, around 35 minutes in). Believe it or not, Belter slang — or, more officially, Belter Creole — isn't a completely made-up way of communicating. Belters use the standard language when they have to talk to people not from the Belt, and belta to communicate with the in-group. "Beratna" (brother) and "copeng" (friend) may also make a splash. For example, maliwala can mean either "child" or "children", depending on context. For the language from the TV show, see Belter Creole. In the 1980s, Bickerton proposed the Bioprogram Hypothesis, based on Chomsky’s conception of Universal Grammar (that brains come inherently equipped with computer-like 1/0 settings for principles and parameters, which are set as the languages are acquired). Given that Belter is essentially a daughter language of English (via the route of creolization), it’s easy to do. Within a creole, there is an acrolect, which is most similar to the lexifier, a basilect, which is most different from the lexifier, and a mesolect, which is in-between. The two most easily identifiable (to me) non-English languages involved in lang belta appear to be German and Spanish, with que/ke, pendejo, agua, nichts, dir, and bist. These are not specifically tied to creoles; these are factors that we all use every day when we speak, write, listen, and read. If they’re trying to talk to a boss, English makes more sense. Verbal inflection is minimized. Over time this developed into a full-fledged creole language, lang Belta, which became the lingua franca, a common ton… I took a class in contact linguistics, where we covered the basics of pidgins and creoles, among other things, and in preparation for this essay, I read John McWhorter’s The Creole Debate (2018). Creoles have some common grammatical features, like preposed negation and simplified morphology. Miller even remarks, “We’ve practically got our own language now.” Amos, despite being from Baltimore, has spent twenty-five years on ships and has learned to understand Belter talk, which he demonstrates when Naomi breaks out with “tu run spin, pow, Schlauch tu way acima and ido.” He translates this as “Go spinward to the tube station, which will take you back to the docks.” A more literal translation might be “you run spinward, tube your way up and gone.”. So, how does a creole evolve and develop from this? Throughout the books, people say “bist bien,” which uses the German du-form (2nd person singular) of “to be” for all people and numbers, and “sabez nichts,” which also extends the 2nd person singular form of “to know.” Many creoles extend the infinitive form, but that doesn’t mean this one is impossible. Naomi and Miller explain to the three Inners in the room that people and society are different in the Belt. The Feature Pool isn’t the first hypothesis to make use of generativist ideas. This is a (possibly incomplete) chart of pronouns, pro-adverbs and determiners, arranged in a convenient table-of-correlatives format. CD Covington has masters degrees in German and Linguistics, likes science fiction and roller derby, and misses having a cat. The background pits three main factions against each other: Earth, Mars, and “the Belt,” which is everything past the asteroid belt. I am a woman. Pidginization was not involved. A pidgin is an ad hoc language that typically arises in situations where people who don’t speak the same native language have to communicate with each other, such as trade with a new partner or (all too frequently) as a result of colonization or enslavement. The Expanse has already finished its first season (we liked it as much as Farmer's fans at Longitude last week), but don't fret if you missed all the Belter thus far. https://twitter.com/Nfarmerlinguist/status/708049355173834753, https://twitter.com/Nfarmerlinguist/status/842449556117757952, https://twitter.com/Nfarmerlinguist/status/840229898308399106, https://twitter.com/Nfarmerlinguist/status/711739147791241216, https://twitter.com/Nfarmerlinguist/status/707289345049231360, https://twitter.com/Nfarmerlinguist/status/841759024869605377, https://twitter.com/Nfarmerlinguist/status/841785504320315392, https://twitter.com/Nfarmerlinguist/status/842582221340925952, List of Belter Creole individual articles, https://expanse.fandom.com/wiki/Belter_Creole_grammar?oldid=62772. Sociolinguistically, lang belta functions as a typical language in a diglossic situation. Belter displays definiteness agreement, similar to that found in Greek or Hebrew. Together on the Roci, the crew and Miller are discussing the reasons that Protogen, the Earth-based company, believed that they could use Eros as a testing facility for their protomolecule. It's actually a mix of several Earth languages spoken by the original settlers in the Asteroid Belt colonies — very appropriate, as the Belt is a melting pot of several different races, customs and backgrounds. It’s gotten better, but it has quite a ways to go. Lewis’, A Small and Eclectic Herd of Recent Equine Delights, Thomason, Sarah and Terrence Kaufman. This means that people in-universe are aware of the language as a marker of Belter identity. For a real-world, US-based example, we have Standard American English (what you learn in school) and African-American Vernacular English (which has its own separate rules). For standard English, we have ‘I go’ but ‘she goes.’ Generalizing the infinitive would be ‘she go.’ German has different inflectional forms, ‘ich gehe,’ ‘du gehst,’ ‘er geht,’ ‘wir gehen,’ ‘ihr geht,’ ‘sie gehen.’ Generalizing the infinitive would give ‘ich/du/er/wir/ihr/sie gehen.’, Case distinction is lost in lexifier pronouns. The Expanse: The Belters' Language Is Excellent - Here's Why Related: The Expanse's Book Time Jump Could End The Show Early Because Belters have roots in different nations, their language needed to reflect their multiculturalism. (So there aren’t spoilers for anything past the opening of book 3, Abaddon’s Gate.). 18 votes, 13 comments. Creoles emerge from language contact situations where people need to communicate with speakers of other languages. The guy who made the awesome Ronaldo bust made another one. (Sociolinguistics is the fun part: it’s the “why do people do the thing?” and “what does it mean when they do the thing?” Many of my friends and colleagues prefer formal linguistics, which is cool I guess, and someone has to study phonetics and morphology and syntax, and I’m glad it’s not me.). Any time plot-critical information is given, it’s in English. Tense, mood, and aspect are simplified in comparison to the lexifier and substrate languages. “Practically all of the Atlantic English-lexicon creoles, for instance, employ a Past tense derived from been, a Future derived from go, and a Terminative Perfect expressed by done” (Winford 324). It was just my luck that Ars Technica published an interview with Nick Farmer about his work on the TV version of Belter while I was putting the edits on this post. Vasta used to host a 2015 blurb from the dialect coach, Eric Armstrong, where he talked about The Expanse gig, including some of the phonology that he was given from Nick Farmer, and how he adapted it for the Belter accent (s) for the series. Diglossia occurs when two dialects or languages exist in the same space and are spoken within a language community. European languages are the most frequent lexifiers (English, Spanish, French, Portuguese), and all of these languages use a form of ‘to be’ to link the subject with the predicate: The sky is blue. da Milafor "Miller". Out in the Belt, though, people from a lot of different countries who spoke a lot of different languages came together to build colonies or mine asteroids or fly cargo ships. Any sentence can be turned into a yes–no question by ending it with the interrogative particle ke: The related tag question keyá also makes a sentence into a yes–no question, but one which expects agreement: Sentences containing the ke-based interrogative words kemang, kepelésh, ketim, keting, or kewe do not need the trailing ke. 52:30. In creoles, this often takes the form of generalizing the infinitive. While English doesn’t have much verbal morphology, and the verb often looks like the infinitive, the Romance languages have extensive verbal inflection. About those Belter hand-gestures; early space suits had terrible comms that would often crap out, leaving teams working in dangerous environments with only one way to communicate — their hands/ limbs. This is exactly the type of situation where we’d expect a pidgin to develop, then eventually a creole. Take your favorite fandoms with you and never miss a beat. The lexifier is often, but not required to be, the superstrate, the dominant language or language of power. As The Expanse executive producer Daniel Abraham, who co-created the series under the pen name James S. A. Corey, explains, the Belters' accent was created by a professional linguist. List of words in the Belter Creole language (TV-version). For our purposes, the rest of this article assumes that the CE hypothesis is correct. I don’t know how many real-world creoles are composed of a lexifier plus five or more substrate languages (I think the one McWhorter mentions with the most substrate languages is Mauritian Creole French, at six substrates), but it is certainly possible, especially in a space-future where people from dozens of countries are thrown together and have to communicate. This is a pretty neat idea, and it goes along well with the Chomskyan/generativist trend in formal linguistics, but, according to McWhorter, there is no evidence at all whatsoever for this hypothesis. In a creole, ‘is’ and ‘am’ would often be omitted: the sky blue. The Expanse: Why Marco & Other Belters Hate Earth & Mars Early on in the book, Miller and his partner are interviewing a witness to a crime. This is the linking verb ‘to be.’ If the lexifier uses a copula, the creole often lacks it, or only uses it in certain instances. Plurality is determined in other ways: the presence of quantifiers, numerals, or simply inferred from context. These are true hybrid languages, where two languages are intertwined. The man says, “Inners kibble you, bitch. Earth and Mars have a financial interest in the colonies in the Belt, and Belters typically work for companies owned by Inners. To negate a verb, the lexifier’s negator is placed before the verb. Verbal inflection … However, it does use compounding and some suffixes for deriving new words. Ars Technica. Click to share on Facebook (Opens in new window), Click to share on Twitter (Opens in new window), Click to share on Tumblr (Opens in new window), Click to share on Pinterest (Opens in new window), © 2021 Macmillan | All stories, art, and posts are the copyright of their respective authors, Who Gets to Be People? 6. If they’re holding a separatist rally to protest Earther rule, Belter is the order of the day. In everyday chit-chat, they’ll probably switch back and forth without thinking about it. As its English name suggests, Belter Creole is a creole language. In Leviathan Wakes, chapter six, Detective Miller, a Belter who works for an Earth-based security company, is talking to a man who’s inciting a riot on Ceres. A barkeep in Oakland, California, is among its most fluent speakers, along with the cast of "The Expanse." So, beratna: What are your thoughts on belta? While getting interrogated on the martian ship "Donnager" (Season 1, Episode 3 "Remember the Cant"), Naomi shows this sign: What I learned about creoles in Contact Ling was that they are the result of a pidgin developing a full grammar and being acquired and spoken as a native language. There are plenty of other linguistic worldbuilding features I didn’t cover in depth, like Inners’ slang and Belter body language, so please feel free to discuss those below as well! You write a chat message to a friend differently than a quarterly report for your boss or a letter to your grandma. Do you want to learn it? There’s also a whole lot of English/ lang belta codeshifting on the fly. In the book and TV series The Expanse inhabitants of the asteroid belt (Belters) speak a language called Belter Creole, a conlang designed by Nick Farmer which is intended to be the result of creolisation between most of the Earth's languages, including English, German, Chinese, Japanese, Romance languages, Hindi, Slavic, and Bantu. These languages blend together, so you get things like “sabez nichts” (know/s nothing), “bist bien” (am/are good), and “kept top bunk á dir” (for you). Belter displays definiteness agreement, similar to that found in Greek or Hebrew. 1 Words and expressions 2 … This idea of Belters using their language for privacy and to assert identity—people who associate most strongly with Belter independence ideals use belta more often, and often a deeper lect of it—repeats throughout the series. These languages developed among fluent bilinguals. It’s easy to notice examples of verbal simplification. Ars Talks with the Creator of 'The Expanse' Belter Creole Language. Come by r/LangBelta and say oye. Miller is from the Belt, and he and the witness speak together in belta. 4. Multiples of 10 or 100 are formed by appending teng or xanya to the combining form of the multiplier, with the stress remaining on the multiplier: Numbers with values in both the ones and tens place are composed in little-endian order, joined by un: If there is a hundreds place, it comes before the ones-and-tens place terms:[7], When used attributively, numbers come before the noun they count, as in English.[8]. That is, when a noun is marked with da, any attributive nouns or adjectives applied to that no… The Expanse Wiki is a FANDOM TV Community. Even if a Belter managed to reside on the inner planets, they would be over-policed and underrepresented, while being harassed by planetary authorities. Here are just a few of the Belter words and phrases that we've heard on … It’s an interesting question—apparently some people disagree with what I thought was a settled matter (again: not a creolist), as I learned from McWhorter’s book. Rather than inflections, it primarily uses separate words to build grammatical constructions, such as prepositions and auxiliary verbs, and the meaning of a sentence depends strongly on word order. (This is really a spectrum, rather than a three-point line.). A pidgin doesn’t have grammar per se, but it has very basic syntax. That is, when a noun is marked with da, any attributive nouns or adjectives applied to that noun must also be so marked:[5], delowda(relative)/kelowda(interrogative): how many/how much. During humanity's expansion into the solar system, people from many different parts of Earth or Mars would often have to live and work together, and they developed a pidgin language so that they could communicate with one another. This page deals with the grammar of Belter Creole, also known as lang Belta. Viewed 3k times. da Mila for "Miller". Nouns can come from any of the languages in contact with each other, as can verbs, adjectives, etc, although vocabulary most often comes from the dominant language (i.e. Drummer doesn’t believe that Naomi is on her side, so Naomi answers her in the belta basilect. As a language teacher, I have to say I’m not fond of Duolingo’s pedagogical methods (other people have discussed the topic here and here), so I am skeptical of its utility in this kind of hypothetical situation. Earth and Mars have a very tentative alliance that could come crashing down at the least provocation. Earth and Mars have their own insults for each other and the Belters, but they speak similar standard languages, with some lexical variation akin to U.S. vs. British English. To avoid any potential confusion, please also note that this is a discussion of the concept of creole languages, and not the concept of creolization as it relates to ethnicity and Creole peoples. Our Privacy Notice has been updated to explain how we use cookies, which you accept by continuing to use this website. Linguistic worldbuilding can be fairly simple—like making up and incorporating a few slang words or insults based on whatever your fictional culture finds profane—or it can be elaborate, like inventing an entire new language and writing poetry in it (hi, J.R.R. (1988). Belter Language Guide So I found some words for Belter Creole here and thought it would be amazing if someone connected to the show(or not) came made a Belter language guide complete with the hand/arm gestures and verbal phrasing. In a creole, ‘is’ and ‘am’ would often be omitted: the sky blue . This probably means Belter words like "Beltalowda," meaning "us Belters," will be heard on the new episodes. Other source languages include French (bien, dieu), Japanese (shikata ga nai), and Mandarin (dui ), along with other languages that I didn’t recognize because I don’t know them. See list of Belter Creole individual articles for a multi-column list of all words in this category. You can choose to use a different dialect or a particular type of slang to show that you belong to a particular group (this is often called code-switching), either out of solidarity with your interlocutor or to reject your interlocutor’s familiarity and emphasize your difference. 0:07 [1] The exception is pronouns, which do have distinct plural forms (see Pronouns below). The Outer Planets Alliance (OPA) is a very loose collection of factions who want the Belt to be independent from the Inners, each with its own preferred methods of getting there and vision of what an independent Belt would look like. Thanks for A2A! Creoles frequently omit the copula. TheBakeMyster. Creoles frequently omit the copula. I must note here that I am not a creolist by any means, so please forgive (and correct!) Typologically, Belter is an analytic language. Since I don’t speak any Romance languages, I’ll turn to English and German to invent examples. Is there any consistency to when certain languages' loan words are used in the Belter language, or even just a list somewhere … Think of how a Belter would say “Jo-burg” as in Johannesburg. Adjectives are placed after the nouns they modify: ere: at, on, about (locative preposition), Below are the words for basic numbers.[6]. She is a graduate of Viable Paradise 17 and has published short stories in anthologies, most recently the story “Debridement” in Survivor, edited by Mary Anne Mohanraj and J.J. Pionke. The Expanse is an ongoing novel series by James S.A. Corey (the collaborative pen name of Daniel Abraham and Ty Franck); currently at eight doorstop-sized volumes, it was adapted for TV by SyFy, cancelled, and rescued by Amazon Prime.

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